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<text>
<title>
(1930s) Art:Thomas Hart Benton and the U.S. Scene
</title>
<history>Time-The Weekly Magazine-1930s Highlights</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
Time Magazine
December 24, 1934
Art: Thomas Hart Benton and the U.S. Scene
</hdr>
<body>
<p> By last week, the U.S. art season was at its peak. In
Manhattan there were no less than 70 exhibitions in progress.
The public could see and buy practically anything it wanted. On
57th Street Edward Bruce was exhibiting the landscape technique
and Chinese perspective he developed under the watchful eye of
Maurice Sterne. Sir Francis Rose, Gertrude Stein's latest
painter-protege, was showing his sultry canvases. The Museum of
Modern Art was aflame with Van Goghs, Cezannes, Toulouse-
Lautrecs. At the New School for Social Research Yasuo Kuniyoshi,
Robert Brackman, John Sloan and Alexander Brook were impressing
their pupils with their craftsmanship.
</p>
<p> In Chicago, the Art Institute was showing Degas and Manet
prints. Pittsburgh was sending its big Carnegie International
exhibition to Baltimore. San Franciscans were peering
thoughtfully at Sculptress Malvina Hoffman's Races of Man. Los
Angeles was holding its second annual California Modernists
Exhibition. In Northampton, Mass., Smith College girls were
giggling before Man Ray's Surrealist photographs.
</p>
<p> Presented with their best year in five, dealers were again
beginning to take cocktails with luncheon. The public's interest
in art was proved by museum attendances which were uniformly up
over last year. In one month in Manhattan, Feragil Galleries'
annual Artists' Relief Exhibition netted more than $2,000 with
pictures priced at $5 - $50. U.S. sales of the year were a
Charles Willson Peale Washington to the Brooklyn Museum (price
undisclosed); an early Rembrandt of Christ Washing the
Disciples' Feet to the Chicago Art Institute; Jean Antoine
Watteau's Mezzetin to the Metropolitan Museum for some $250,000.
The 1934 U.S. art turnover easily topped $126,000,000. (In 1928,
peak art year, the turnover was approximately one billion
dollars.)
</p>
<p> As usual, top prices went for Old Masters whose value has
survived many a depression. In London and Manhattan auctions the
18th Century English portrait painters stood their customary
ground as stolidly as oaks. But in U.S. sales of contemporary
paintings, observers noted a significant difference. This year
the French schools seem to be slipping in popular favor while
a U.S. school, bent on portraying the U.S. scene, is coming to
the fore.
</p>
<p> In 1913 France conquered the U.S. art world. At the famed
Manhattan Armory show arranged by the late Arthur B. Davies, the
U.S. public got its first big dose of the arbitrary distortions
and screaming colors which were making France's crop of artists
the most spectacular in the world. The War took the public's
mind temporarily off art but at its end French artists were
sitting on top of the world. U.S painters, unable to sell at
home or abroad, tried copying the French, turned out a profusion
of spurious Matisses and Picassos, cheerfully joined the crazy
parade of Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, Surrealism. Painting became
so deliberately unintelligible that it was no longer news when
a picture was hung upside down.
</p>
<p> In the U.S. opposition to such outlandish art first took
root in the Midwest. A small group of native painters began to
offer direct representation in place of introspective
abstractions. To them what could be seen in their own land--streets, fields, shipyards, factories and those who people such
places--became more important than what could be felt about
far off places. From Missouri, from Kansas, from Ohio, from
Iowa, came men whose work was destined to turn the tide of
artistic taste in the U.S. Of these earthy Midwesterners none
represents the objectivity and purpose of their school more
clearly than Missouri's Thomas Hart Benton.
</p>
<p> At 17, Artist Benton have up a job as surveyor's assistant
in the lead and zinc district outside Joplin to do newspaper
cartoons. A bad art student in Chicago, he went on to Paris
where he speedily absorbed and copied all the latest French
fads. Six Wartime months in the U.S. Navy knocked French
Impressionism out of him, prompted him to develop a style of his
own which he first exhibited in a series of realistic water-
colors of the activities around Norfolk, Va.
</p>
<p> Today Thomas Benton's fame rests chiefly on three murals.
One is in the Library of Manhattan's Whitney Museum of American
Art. Another is in the New School for Social Research. The third
and best known, a huge panorama painted for the Indiana Building
at the Century of Progress Fair, is now stored in an
Indianapolis warehouse because the State lacks a suitable place
to exhibit it. All three have a nervous electric quality which
is particularly Benton's and which his pupils often try but fail
to imitate. Painted from recognizable observations, all three
portray such typical Americana as revivalists, bootleggers,
stevedores, politicians, soda clerks.
</p>
<p> Benton has had ample opportunity to study the U.S. he loves
to paint. He was born in Neosho, Mo. in 1889. Says he: "My
father [Congressman Maecenas Eason Benton] was a lawyer and
politician. He came from Tennessee shortly after the Civil War,
riding a horse and knocking the snakes out of his path with a
long stick. He was a great-nephew of Thomas Hart Benton, the
Senator from Missouri and Andrew Jackson's lieutenant. My family
table talk was entirely devoted to law and politics. Southwest
Missouri was, and is yet in those parts in which the automobile
road has not penetrated, a backwoods country with a
characteristic backwoods culture. Turkey shoots, country school
hoedowns, hunting (possum, squirrel, quail and other small game)
and hay wagon parties were sports with which I was familiar."
</p>
<p> Benton, in his murals and easel paintings, earnestly and
almost ferociously strives to record a contemporary history of
the U.S. A short wiry man with an unruly crop of black hair, he
lives with his beauteous Italian wife and one small son in a
picture-cluttered downtown Manhattan flat. To critics who have
complained that his murals were loud and disturbing, Artist
Benton answers: "They represent the U.S., which is also loud
and not `in good taste.'" "I have not found," he explains, "the
U.S. a standardized mortuary and consequently have no sympathy
with that school of directors whose experience has been limited
to first class hotels and the paved highways. At the same time
I am no sentimentalist. I know an ass and the dust of his
kicking when I come across it. But I have come across enough of
it to be able to discover interesting qualities therein."
</p>
<p> Thomas Benton has filled scores of notebooks with sketches
of the U.S. scene which eventually find their way into his work.
He boasts that all his burlesque queens, stevedores, Negroes,
preachers, and college professors are actual persons. His vivid
portraits of them are fast becoming collectors' items and the
cost of Bentons has been steadily rising since the Navy put him
on the right artistic track. Last week, Thomas Benton, who is
usually jolly, had a special reason to be cheerful. He sold his
oil, Cotton Town, to Marshall Field III.
</p>
<p> If Thomas Benton is the most virile of U.S. painters of the
U.S. Scene, the honor of being a pioneer in the movement belongs
to Charles Ephraim Burchfield, 41, a tailor's son from Ashtabula
Harbor, Ohio. In his childhood Burchfield found nothing so
fascinating as tumble-down houses, freight trains, railroad
tracks. Today most up-to-date museums have Burchfields. Not so
spectacular a draughtsman as Benton, Burchfield manages to
invest his paintings with a calm if somewhat dismal dignity and
an exceptionally acute feeling for light and space. He lives in
an eight-room frame house outside Buffalo, N.Y. with his wife
and five children, amuses himself by tending his garden and
building frames for his pictures.
</p>
<p> A painter of the city is Reginald Marsh who was born 36
years ago to Muralist Fred Dana Marsh in Paris. As a tousle-
headed boy (he is now almost bald) he went to Lawrenceville,
later to Yale. In spite of his very proper education, Artist
Marsh thinks "well bred people are no fun to paint," haunts
Manhattan subways, public beaches, waterfronts, burlesque
theatres for his subjects. The Metropolitan and Whitney Museums
thought enough of his work to purchase examples.
</p>
<p> A friend who had not seen John Steuart Curry since he was
a potent footballer at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pa. 15
years ago would hardly recognize him today. Apple-cheeked, fat,
bald, he now weighs 187 pounds, lives quietly in Westport, Conn.
He is so sensitive about his art that he frequently decides to
give it up. But Curry is generally considered the greatest
painter of Kansas and of the circus in the U.S. His two most
famed works Tornado and Baptism in Kansas won him important
critical accolades in Chicago and Manhattan but only served to
irritate his fellow Kansans who felt that such subjects were
best left untouched. In 1932 John Ringling gave him permission
to follow the "Greatest Show on Earth." The result was a
spectacular group of canvases showing herds of elephants, the
Flying Codonas, the Wallenda Family, Baby Ruth, the fat girl,
etc.
</p>
<p> Curry's art is simple and dramatic. Whether he likes it or
not no Kansan who has looked at his State or been to a circus
can fail to recognize the authenticity of Curry's subjects.
Latest Curry is a two-panel mural for the Westport High School.
In Comedy Artist Curry has included himself and his wife, has
gaily jumbled Charlie Chaplin on roller skates, Mickey Mouse,
Mutt & Jeff, Shakespeare's Bottom, Will Rogers, Popeye the
Sailor. In Tragedy Uncle Tom prays beside the bedside of Little
Eva, Hamlet sulks, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks, Theodore Dreiser,
Sherwood Anderson, Eugene O'Neill scowl, Aerialist Lillian
Leitzel drops from her circus partner's arms to death.
</p>
<p> The chief philosopher and greatest teacher of
representational U.S. art is Iowa's chubby, soft-spoken Grant
Wood. Like Benton, Grant Wood studied in France, turned out his
share of Blue Vase, Sorrento, House in Montmartre, Breton
Market. But in 1929 he radically changed his style. From his
palette issued a series of rolling, tree-dotted Iowa fields done
in a flat, smooth manner. His landscape of West Branch, Iowa got
the birthplace of Herbert Hoover almost as much public attention
as the infrequent visits of that President. Wood's credo: U.S.
art suffers from a "Colonial attitude" to Europe, a feeling of
cultural dependence upon the older continent. To combat this
attitude Wood chose irony. His American Gothic and his
spectacular Daughters of Revolution, three prim spinsters
against a background of Washington Crossing the Delaware, were
his first attack. This year, what most critics consider his most
important painting, Dinner for Threshers, won no prize at the
Carnegie International at Pittsburgh but was voted third most
popular by the public. Simple and direct, the picture bears as
genuine a U.S. stamp as a hotdog stand or baseball park.
</p>
<p> Shy Bachelor Wood, 42, hates to leave his native Iowa where
his fellow citizens have been buying his pictures and singing
his praise almost since he began painting. He is often convinced
he is a better teacher than painter. In Munich, he once mastered
in a few weeks the technique of glass painting when German
artists insisted on making a bearded Civil War soldier (for a
Cedar Rapids memorial window) look like Christ.
</p>
<p> No man in the U.S. is a more fervid believer in developing
"regional art" than Grant Wood. Long before Public Works Art
Project started the Government's $1,408,381 program to give work
to more than 3,000 artists, Wood had established his own Iowa
art colony in Stone City. There for little more than $50 an
artist could live and learn for a six-week session. When PWAP
was established Wood became its Iowa leader, taught Iowa artists
to paint the "U.S. scene"--prime purpose of PWAP. Today he is
trying to continue the work PWAP started. He and a group of
students are preparing a series of murals for the Iowa State
University Theatre at Iowa City.
</p>
<p> Wood's theory of regional art rests upon the idea that
different sections of the U.S. should compete with one another
just as Old World cities competed in the building of Gothic
cathedrals. Only thus, he believes, can the U.S. develop a truly
national art. Whether PWAP has sown the seeds of a national art
no man can yet tell, but, beyond dispute, PWAP's investment has
not only enormously stimulated the public's interest but has
also revealed definite regional traits in art. Some of these
districts and their characteristics:
</p>
<p> Chicago's leading artist is Ivan Le Lorraine Albright, 37,
who likes to picture men whose skins are as wrinkled as a dirty
handkerchief. His heavy baroque style brought him local fame
when he applied it to a loutish, hunched figure called The
Lineman. Other noteworthy Chicago artists: Malvin Albright, twin
of Ivan, who sculpts under the name of Zsissly; Aaron Bohrod
(pronounced Bo-rod) who does sketches of Chicago streets and
coal yards; Jean Crawford Adams (landscapes); Archibald John
Motley Jr., a Negro who gets a bright sculpturesque quality in
his portraits of fellow Negroes; Frances Foy, whose specialty
is city parks and streets.
</p>
<p> Detroit. Artist who has spent the most time with the most
success portraying Detroit is a Philadelphian--Charles
Sheeler. Commissioned by Edsel Ford in 1927 to do a series of
meticulous, exact canvases that in black and white reproductions
are almost indistinguishable from Photographer Sheeler's
excellent camera studies of similar subjects. In spite of
objecting to his photographic technique, most critics allow
Sheeler a top place among U.S. painters of industrial scenes.
Michigan's nearest approach to catching the U.S. scene in paint
is a Flint school of artists led by Jaroslav Brozik which
applies to industrial themes an impressionistic manner.
</p>
<p> Boston remains conservative. Ten years ago Artists Harley
Perkins, Charles Hovey Pepper and Carl G. Cutler started a minor
revolt against what they called the "Museum [of Fine Arts]
School" which was then turning out replicas of John Singer
Sargent. The revolt sagged. Today Boston's best artist
concerned with the contemporary U.S. scene is Molly Luce, wife
of Alan Burroughs, X-ray art researcher for Harvard's Fogg
Museum.
</p>
<p> California. The Pacific Coast has given its fair share of
fame to San Francisco Artists Lucien Labaudt, Otis Oldfield,
Jane Berlandina, Charles Stafford Duncan. Lately from Southern
California have come two sturdy contenders for the title "best
in the West"--Los Angeles' Millard Sheets and Pasadena's Paul
Starrett Sample. At 19, husky blond Artist Sheets deliberately
set out to win prize money to finance his painting, made $2,500
from ten prizes in two years. Today, at 27, he is head of the
art department at Scripps College, Claremont. His PWAP canvas
Tenement Flats, showing gossiping women against a design of
bleak, wash-strung flats, was chosen by President Roosevelt to
hang in the White House. Huge Paul Sample, a onetime Dartmouth
tackle, divides his time between California and Vermont. He has
sometimes shown the influence of Benton and Wood, like many
another modern says his favorite painter is Breughel. A
professor of painting at University of Southern California, he
won two successive National Academy prizes with completely
unacademic pictures.
</p>
<p> Taos is in incredible country. The New Mexican sunlight is
so intense that it casts shadows that would seem outrageous
anywhere else. In Taos, reality is almost Cubism and Taos
shadows are actually as elongated and mysterious as those in
Salvador Dali's Surrealism. The Taos art colony was founded in
1898, today boasts some 54 painters. Most influential is barrel-
chested Andrew Dasburg who looks like Beethoven and tortures
himself in order to translate Taos light and form into oil
paintings. Emil Bistran is slowly working away from
representation to symbolism but has never yet failed to produce
a lucid canvas. Kenneth Adams thinks the Southwestern artist
should evolve a formal design from the distortions of light,
displays a strong feeling for form.
</p>
<p> Probably no region in the U.S. can produce such distorted
pictures as Taos and still claim that they record actuality. The
fact that Taos artists are, as a rule, content not to exaggerate
their region's natural exaggerations, puts them directly into
the mainstream of U.S. representationalism along with Grant Wood
and his Threshers, Burchfield and his gloomy houses, Benton and
his squirming racketeers.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>